Original Recibido:
06/12/2024 │ Aceptado: 02/03/2025
Gender
Equity in Community Physical Activity: Challenges, Barriers and Strategies for
Inclusion
Equidad de Género en la Actividad Física
Comunitaria: Desafíos, Barreras y Estrategias para la Inclusión
Elen Llópiz Sánchez. Estudiante.
Faculty of Physical Culture. University of Granma. Cuba
[elenllopizsanchez@gmail.com]
Yordenis
Virgilia Monges Rodríguez. Profesor
Instructor. CIERIC Specialist. Granma. Cuba. [yordenismonges@gmail.com]
Alexis
Rafael Macías Chávez. Profesor Titular. Doctor en Ciencias de la Cultura
Física. University of
Granma. Cuba. [armaciasch@gmail.com]
Abstract
Gender equity is a fundamental principle for social justice, which seeks
to ensure equal access to resources and opportunities, recognizing and
addressing the historical and structural inequalities faced by women and other
marginalized groups. In the field of physical activity (PA), gender plays a
determining role, since social expectations and roles influence the
participation and appreciation of these practices. Despite recent advances,
barriers that limit female participation persist, such as gender stereotypes,
the burden of domestic responsibilities, and socioeconomic inequalities. Community
physical activity (CPA) has been proposed as a means to promote health and
well-being, as well as strengthen social capital. However, women face various
limitations in accessing PA programs, especially those in low-resource contexts
or with family responsibilities. Non-binary people also face exclusion in
binary sporting spaces, reinforcing the need to transform sporting structures
and create inclusive and accessible environments for all. This article examines
the barriers and inequalities that affect participation in PA from a gender
perspective, and proposes strategies to promote inclusion and equity. Through
public policies, specific programs and the active participation of women and
non-binary people in the design of activities, we seek to move towards a fairer
and more inclusive sports model, which considers the needs and capabilities of
all groups, without distinction of gender.
Code words: Gender equity, Community physical activity.
Resumen
La equidad de género es un principio
fundamental para la justicia social, que busca garantizar igualdad de acceso a
recursos y oportunidades, reconociendo y abordando las desigualdades históricas
y estructurales que enfrentan las mujeres y otros grupos marginados. En el
ámbito de la actividad física (AF), el género juega un papel determinante, ya
que las expectativas y roles sociales influyen en la participación y valoración
de estas prácticas. A pesar de los avances recientes, persisten barreras que
limitan la participación femenina, como los estereotipos de género, la carga de
responsabilidades domésticas y las desigualdades socioeconómicas. La actividad
física comunitaria (AFC) se ha propuesto como un medio para promover la salud y
el bienestar, así como fortalecer el capital social. Sin embargo, las mujeres
enfrentan diversas limitaciones para acceder a programas de AF, especialmente
aquellas en contextos de bajos recursos o con responsabilidades familiares. Las
personas no binarias también enfrentan exclusión en espacios deportivos
binarios, lo que refuerza la necesidad de transformar las estructuras
deportivas y crear entornos inclusivos y accesibles para todos. Este artículo
examina las barreras y desigualdades que afectan la participación en la AF
desde un enfoque de género, y propone estrategias para promover la inclusión y
la equidad. A través de políticas públicas, programas específicos y la
participación activa de mujeres y personas no binarias en el diseño de
actividades, se busca avanzar hacia un modelo deportivo más justo e inclusivo,
que considere las necesidades y capacidades de todos los grupos, sin distinción
de género.
Palabras clave: Equidad de género, Actividad física
comunitaria,
Gender equity, understood as the defense of equality in access, control and
use of goods and services, is a fundamental pillar for justice and social
cohesion. This equity goes beyond formal equality, seeking to compensate for
the historical and structural disadvantages faced by women and other
marginalized groups.
Physical activity (PA) is essential for physical and mental well-being,
contributing to a healthy and balanced life. However, its practice does not
occur in a vacuum; It is intrinsically linked to
social constructions, where gender emerges as a determining factor. Gender
expectations and roles, rooted in the collective imagination, influence not
only participation in physical activities, but also how these practices are perceived
and valued in various cultural contexts. Understanding this interdependence
then alerts us that the relationship between PA and gender is a dynamic and
complex field of study, where characteristics and biological differences
interact with sociocultural factors and condition schemes, patterns,
motivation, participation and performance.
In the last decade, several factors have gradually modified stereotypes and
practices that were anchored in patriarchal sediments and that reinforced the
confinement of women and girls only to certain specific activities and roles.
Among these factors, it is necessary to mention the advances in the research
field on gender relations and physical activity from which evidence has been
obtained that today supports the growing need to make gender inequalities
visible in the field of physical activity and sports practice; Education and
the influence of the media have also reinforced the positive representation of
people accessing opportunities or alternatives to satisfy their needs and
motivations in this field, an issue that has been challenging social
perceptions and expectations. Greater access to resources and changes in sports
policies and programs have also been decisive in reducing objective and
subjective barriers, creating more inclusive environments.
However, it is important to recognize that gender disparities persist that
are expressed in the internalization of limiting gender roles, the persistence
of microaggressions in the sporting environment, the
persistence of differentiated social expectations, the unequal
distribution/allocation of domestic and care responsibilities, which directly
impact the time and energy available for physical activity. Many studies even
confirm that, on average, men participate in higher levels of vigorous PA in
organized sports activities, while women tend to be less active, especially
during adolescence, young adulthood, and old age.
The commodification of the female body, reinforced by social networks and
market canons, is an additional challenge, by superimposing beauty ideals and
stereotypes (determined from the great emitters of the ideal image to be
achieved), on the intrinsic motivation for health and well-being. This
pressure, assumed uncritically, can lead to internalizing unattainable
standards, sometimes harmful to health, which on many occasions lead to
frustration and distancing from PA (Balboa, 2021). Consequently, true equity
requires constant, critical analysis of the underlying structures and processes
that perpetuate inequality. Therefore, it is not enough to promote
participation; it is necessary to transform sports cultures and environments so
that they are truly inclusive, respectful, and safe for anyone, regardless of
their gender identity or expression, race, age, physical or social condition,
etc.
Precisely the gender approach goes beyond simple formal equality,
considering the differences and inequalities that individuals currently
experience in multiple areas, which not only include PA and sports, but also
health and education. This approach seeks to challenge and dismantle
traditional gender norms and roles that limit opportunities for people,
especially women and other marginalized groups, promoting more equal and fair
participation in physical activity and sport.
The central objective of this article is to examine the gender approach in
community physical activity, emphasizing the need to promote gender equity and
analyzing the specific barriers faced by women, men, and non-binary people.
Through a rigorous analysis, strategies and recommendations will be proposed to
promote inclusion and equality in the field of community physical activity,
seeking a social transformation that benefits everyone.
Gender equity, understood as a fundamental principle of social justice,
seeks not only to guarantee equal rights, but also to recognize and address
specific differences and disadvantages to achieve real equality in results.
This approach is aligned with the objectives of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable
development, promoting the participation of all people as agents of change and
contributing to the construction of more just and inclusive societies. Derived
from the Latin term aequitas, equity implies a fair
distribution of resources and opportunities that allows women, men, and
non-binary people to participate equally in all areas of life. This approach
transcends the uniformity promoted by equality, highlighting the importance of
providing the necessary support to overcome structural and cultural barriers (Jarrín, 2024).
Gender, as a social and cultural construction, plays a determining role in
the formation of roles, expectations and behaviors from an early age.
Gender-responsive education has the potential to mitigate these roles and
expectations by challenging entrenched stereotypes, promoting a more equitable
and flexible understanding of the capabilities and opportunities of all people.
This educational approach promotes equal conditions from early stages and
contributes to breaking down structural barriers that limit the full
development of individuals of any gender (Lleixà
& Soler, 2020).
Gender roles are deeply embedded and shape people's opportunities and
experiences, including in the realm of physical activity. For example, gender
stereotypes have relegated women to sports considered “feminine,”
underestimating their athletic potential, while men face pressure to
participate in disciplines that reinforce an image of hegemonic masculinity.
These limitations also affect non-binary people, who frequently face exclusions
in sports spaces designed under a binary structure (Alemany
& Aguilar, 2019).
Community physical activity (CPA) - understood as a set of programs and
initiatives designed to promote the regular practice of physical activity in a
community context with the purpose of promoting the well-being, health and
quality of life of the people who access them - seeks to strengthen not only
health on an individual scale, but also strengthen social capital, creating
supportive social environments that promote connection, participation and
equity in health, so that communities are healthier and more sustainable (Reyes
& Moya, 2022). From this position, several studies have focused on
analyzing the relationship between AFC and gender equality, finding persistent
gaps in terms of the lower participation of women compared to men,
fundamentally in groups such as: adult women, low-income women, with some type
of disability, heading single-parent households, caregivers and also some
members of ethnic minorities.
In general, women tend to encounter various barriers that make their
participation difficult. Among them, the deep-rooted social and cultural
stereotypes stand out that perpetuate the idea that family care and domestic
work is the responsibility of women, while they face a lack of social and
family support, as well as work overload, fears of censorship, harassment,
injuries, and lack of information about the benefits of physical activity on
health in general.
Other factors such as the lack of financial solvency to cover the expenses
that arise from joining collective spaces (fees, transportation, appropriate
clothing), the absence of childcare options, geographical location and
inconvenience in the schedules of activities, also play a crucial role in
limiting their participation. Likewise, non-binary people face significant
challenges such as lack of recognition and exclusion from spaces designed under
strictly binary norms. Discrimination and harassment are also common problems
that generate insecurity and discouragement (Rodríguez & Sabando, 2022).
In the last decade, the relationship between community physical activity
and gender in Cuba has also been the subject of growing attention that has led
to several research studies, which have found both significant advances and
persistent challenges in the search for equitable and beneficial participation
for all people (Izquierdo, 2019). Although the Cuban
Constitution enshrines gender equality and for more than sixty years public
policies that promote female participation in various areas have been designed,
implemented and updated, community physical activity does not escape the
influences of traditional gender roles, stereotypes and socioeconomic
limitations that differentially impact men and women.
One of the most notable trends observed in Cuban research is the persistent
gender gap in participation. Inclusive programs, strategies, projects and
activities have been promoted by the National Institute of Sports, Physical
Education and Recreation (INDER) and its territorial directorates. However,
especially in certain sports and activities considered traditionally
"masculine", the presence of women and girls continues to be lower
than that of men. This is attributed, in part, to cultural stereotypes that
associate strength and competitiveness with masculinity, and delicacy and
aesthetics with femininity, influencing physical activity preferences and
choices from childhood. Less physically demanding activities or activities that
are considered "feminine", such as ballet or rhythmic gymnastics, are
those visualized for girls and young people, while boys are encouraged towards
sports such as baseball or boxing (Bestard, 2021).
Several results of qualitative studies in the Cuban context coincide with
international trends regarding the overload of roles, especially those that
assume extensive family responsibilities, which consider participation in
physical activities as a luxury or a secondary priority, in the face of
barriers such as fatigue, lack of time and the impossibility of combining
schedules to practice physical activity with domestic responsibilities,
especially when accessible and affordable child care services are scarce in
community settings, which makes it difficult for single mothers or women to participate.
with young children (Ochoa & Rodríguez, 2018).
In contrast to this reality, men tend to have greater availability of free
time and fewer social restrictions to participate in community physical
activities. Many studies confirm that men often perceive physical activity as a
way to maintain their health and virility, while women often resort to this
option as an alternative to achieve physical appearances consistent with
aesthetic stereotypes.
Another important finding is the impact of the socioeconomic element on the
relationship between community physical activity and gender. Women who reside
in urban areas have greater opportunities to access sports facilities and
benefit from physical activity programs, therefore, they tend to have higher participation
rates than women in rural or difficult-to-access areas (Izquierdo,
2019). Likewise, women with higher levels of education and higher incomes are
more likely to participate in community physical activities, since they have
more resources and opportunities available. This highlights the need to address
socioeconomic inequalities as a determining factor in promoting equitable
physical activity for all women.
Several international authors and researchers from the Cuban context have
oriented their research towards the identification and visualization of the
barriers that make it difficult to promote gender equity in community physical
activity, reaching the conclusion that comprehensive and inclusive strategies
are required that, above all, can dismantle gender stereotypes through
awareness campaigns that promote true access to all people in any type of
physical activity, regardless of their gender. They also warn of the urgency of
creating safe and inclusive sports spaces, with flexible schedules, accessible
childcare, a variety of activities and adequate alternative facilities or
spaces, where conditions are available for women with disabilities, as well as
changing rooms and bathrooms accessible to all genders. The representation of
women in governing bodies, in decision-making processes in sports organizations
and leading planning and implementation processes of programs that respond to
the needs and preferences of different groups is also essential to guarantee an
equitable approach (Palacio & O'Reilly, 2023).
These programs should include recreational, sports and wellness activities
that consider the diversity of interests and abilities. Additionally, promoting
visible female role models, such as athletes, coaches and leaders, can inspire
more women to get involved in sport. Likewise, the training of coaches, sports
instructors or AFC managers with a gender perspective ensures an inclusive and
respectful practice (González & Rivas, 2018).
Both public policies and social support also play a crucial role. The first
to support financing programs aimed at women, offers of subsidies and programs
sensitive to female needs. Social support aimed at creating support networks
and community alliances is vital to facilitate the active participation of
women and non-binary people in physical activity.
Several reports issued by international organizations highlight the
importance of promoting gender equality in sport and how the creation of
inclusive spaces can positively influence female participation, such as the one
issued by the International Olympic Committee in 2021, which presents studies
that indicate how the creation of inclusive environments reduces the cultural,
social and economic barriers that traditionally limit the participation of
women and girls in sport. These spaces are recognized for their contribution to
the empowerment of women, improvement of self-esteem and development of social
and physical skills (Nsekera, 2021).
Studies carried out between 2019 and 2023 have shown that inclusive
initiatives in sport not only increase female participation, but also
contribute to improving the physical and mental well-being of communities
(Lindstrom & Rosvall, 2020). Therefore, it is
essential to continue researching and developing policies and programs that promote
truly equitable and inclusive physical activity for all people.
Regarding proposals for managing inequalities in this area, Cuban research
has proposed various strategies that range from public policies to community
interventions. First, the need to develop gender-sensitive community physical
activity programs is emphasized, considering the specific needs and interests
of women at different stages of life. This involves offering a variety of
activities that are accessible, affordable and culturally appropriate, and that
adapt to women's time and resource constraints. It is also suggested to involve
women in the design and implementation of these programs, to ensure that they
are relevant and effective.
Some positive changes and emerging trends show that there is an increase in
female participation in physical activities that promote health, body
expression and well-being, such as yoga, Pilates and dance. Some community
initiatives are also being developed that seek to promote female participation
through specific programs aimed at women, with convenient times and locations,
and that offer activities adapted to their needs and interests, although they
are still insufficient. These initiatives, spaces or programs often incorporate
elements of health education, emotional support and social networking, which
contribute to improving the self-esteem, confidence and general well-being of
the participants.
Despite the accumulated knowledge and its theoretical incorporation in
Cuban public policies, the gap between formulation and effective implementation
persists; The real results are still significantly far from the desired
objectives, due to the combination of a series of systemic factors among which
we could mention the economic limitations that make it difficult to allocate
sufficient resources to community programs, the deficiencies in sports and
recreational infrastructure, which limit the options available to women, the
prevalence of a top-down culture that permeates the scheme programs, both in
their design and in their execution and, therefore, they fail to capture the
real needs and priorities of women in the different communities, which
decreases their effectiveness. The lack of reliable data, disaggregated by
gender, and the absence of robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms also
make it difficult to identify progress and challenges in promoting female
physical activity.
It is up to
science, institutions and change managers to adopt a proactive and
action-oriented vision. An increasingly objective visibility and understanding
of the relationship between gender and community physical activity is required
to overcome the barriers that still maintain equity gaps. This includes
reallocating resources more efficiently, improving sports and recreational infrastructure,
and promoting a participatory culture in which women are key actors in
decision-making. Likewise, it is essential to develop robust data collection
systems and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that allow continuous
monitoring of progress and challenges. Only through the effective
implementation and constant monitoring of these strategies will it be possible
to close the gap between policy formulation and its real impact, thus moving
towards greater equity and well-being for women in the field of physical
activity in Cuba.
Gender equity in community physical activity is essential to ensure that
all people, regardless of gender, have access to opportunities that support
their well-being and development. Despite advances in public policies that
promote female participation and equal rights, gender gaps remain evident due
to social, cultural and economic barriers. Entrenched gender stereotypes,
family role overload, and lack of resources limit the participation of women
and non-binary people in physical activities, especially those associated with
hegemonic masculinity. To promote true equity, a comprehensive approach is
necessary that challenges these structural and cultural barriers, ensuring
inclusive and accessible spaces for all people.
In the Cuban
context, although gender equality is enshrined in the Constitution and there
are policies that support female participation, gaps persist in community
physical activity. Factors such as cultural stereotypes, the burden of domestic
responsibilities, the lack of adequate sports infrastructure and the shortage
of childcare services continue to limit women's participation, especially in
rural or hard-to-reach areas. Creating gender-sensitive programs, improving
infrastructure, making women leaders in sport visible, and establishing
monitoring and evaluation systems are critical to closing these gaps. A
comprehensive approach that considers the specific needs of women and
non-binary people, along with a commitment to inclusion and accessibility, is
key to moving towards real equity in community physical activity in Cuba.
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